Univ.  of  111.  Library 
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International 


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Correspondence  Schools 


SCRANTON.  PA. 


Instruction  Paper 

WITH  EXAMINATION  QUESTIONS 


WATER  CLOSETS 


INTERNATIONAL  TEXTBOOK  COMPANY 
SCRANTON,  PA. 


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International  Correspondence  Schools. 


Copyright,  1905,  by  International  Textbook  Company.  Entered  at  Sta- 
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Properly  of  tfie  Dep’t  of 
Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineering, 
University  of  Illinois, 

WATER  CLOSETS 


WATER-CLOSET  CONSTRUCTION 


INTRODUCTION 


PURPOSE  AND  REQUIREMENTS 

1.  Water  closets  are  made  in  many  styles,  and  are  con- 
structed to  operate  in  many  ways.  They  are  made  of 
poi'Celain  in  one  piece,  or  partly  of  porcelain  and  partly  of 
iron,  or  entirely  of  iron.  The  iron  is  either  plain  or  enam- 
eled. Porcelain  closets  are  made  either  plain  white  or  in 
colors,  and  are  embossed  and  decorated  to  any  degree 
desired. 

2.  The  duty  of  water  closets  is  to  thoroughly  remove  all 
excreta  and  paper  that  may  be  deposited  in  them.  They 
must  be  free  from  odors,  and  must  prevent  the  escape  of 
drain  air  from  the  soil  pipe  into  the  building.  To  meet 
these  requirements,  every  closet  must  fulfil  the  following 
conditions : 

1.  The  water  used  for  cleansing  must  be  applied  in  such 
a manner  that  it  thoroughly  washes  all  the  interior  surface 
of  the  bowl. 

2.  The  current  must  have  sufficient  force  to  detach  all 
filth  from  the  surface  of  the  bowl. 

3.  The  water  must  be  of  sufficient  quantity  to  wash  out 
all  the  contents  of  the  bowl  and  carry  it  beyond  the  trap 
and  into  the  soil  pipe. 

§ 21 

For  notice  of  copyright,  see  page  immediately  following  the  title  page. 


2 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


4.  When  the  flushing  operation  has  ceased,  the  closet 
bowl  and  trap  must  be  properly  filled  with  fresh  water,  the 
foul  water  being  entirely  removed. 

3.  There  have  been  extensive  changes  made  in  the  types 
of  water  closets  manufactured  during  the  last  20  years. 
The  old  styles  proved  unsanitary  and  are  now  condemned 
by  health  departments.  They  are  not  used  in  new  build- 
ings, but  are  yet  found  in  many  old  buildings. 


SINGLE  CLOSETS 


PAN  CLOSET 

4.  The  pan  closet,  which  is  now  obsolete  as  a market 
article,  being  generally  prohibited  by  plumbing  rules  and 

regulations,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  1.  It  has  a hopper  or 
conical  bowl  to  receive  the 
excreta;  the  lower  end  is 
closed  by  a pan  that  is 
swung  on  a hinge  by  means 
of  a lever  and  pull.  This 
pan  catches  and  retains 
enough  of  the  flushing 
water  to  seal  the  mouth  of 
the  bowl.  The  porcelain 
bowl  a is. set  on  a cast-iron 
trunk  b that  is  secured  to 
the  floor  c.  A lead  safe  d is 
usually  set  under  the  closet, 
and  is  erroneously  connected  to  the  closet  trap  by  a safe 
pipe  e.  The  copper  pan  f seals  the  basin  and  receives  the 
excreta.  When  the  closet  handle  is  raised,  the  pan  drops  and 
takes  the  position  shown  by  the  dotted  lines  and  discharges 
its  contents  into  the  trunk,  while  at  the  same  moment 
a volume  of  foul  air  enters  the  room  from  the  trunk.  It  has 


WATER  CLOSETS 


3 


§21 

many  other  serious  imperfections  too  numerous  to  mention, 
and  is  a very  imperfect  apparatus.  It  should  always  be 
replaced  with  a closet  of  modern  construction.  Pan  closets 
are  universally  condemned  by  all  health  authorities. 


PLUNGER  CLOSET 

5.  Construction  of  Closet. — The  plunger  closet  is  a 
closet  condemned  by  health  authorities,  although  its  imper- 


fections are  not  so  pronounced  as  those  of  the  pan  closet. 
A vertical  section  through  a plunger  closet  is  shown  in 
Fig.  2.  In  this  form,  the  emptying  of  the  bowl  is  con- 
trolled by  a valve,  or  plunger,  a.  This  plunger  is  provided 
with  a rubber  ring  b , which  seats  on  a brass  ring  c and 
makes  a water-tight  joint  with  it.  The  plunger  also  acts  as 
an  overflow,  because  if  the  water  rises  higher  in  the  bowl 
than  the  top  of  the  plunger,  it  will  flow  over  and  down 
through  the  inside,  past  the  valve,  and  into  the  trap. 

6.  The  principal  objection  to  the  plunger  closet  is  that 
the  chamber  in  which  the  plunger  works  is  imperfectly 


4 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§ 21 

cleaned  and  becomes  foul.  Unless  the  plunger  is  lifted  well 
up  when  emptying  the  bowl,  pieces  of  paper  or  matches, 
etc.  are  likely  to  stick  between  the  rubber  ring  and  the 
valve  seat  and  thus  prevent  the  closing  of  the  valve.  This 
allows  the  water  to  leak  out  of  the  bowl,  leaving  it  dry  if 
the  closet  is  supplied  by  a self-closing  valve  or  by  a small 
tank  overhead.  If  the  closet  is  used  when  the  bowl  is  dry, 
the  excreta  will  adhere  so  strongly  that  the  amount  of  water 
usually  furnished  by  the  flushing  apparatus  will  be  insuffi- 
cient to  remove  it,  and,  as  the  water  again  leaks  away,  it 
will  remain  in  the  bowl  and  become  a nuisance. 

If  the  closet  is  supplied  by  a ball-cock  placed  in  the 
plunger  chamber,  a uniform  water-line  will  be  maintained 
in  the  bowl,  and  if  the  plunger  valve  should  leak,  a waste  of 
water  would  be  the  result,  which  cannot  well  be  detected. 
This  kind  of  closet  is  constructed  either  of  one  piece  of 
porcelain  or  partly  of  iron,  as  shown.  Usually  all  the  iron 
parts,  including  the  plunger,  are  porcelain-lined. 

This  closet  is  practically  obsolete  as  a market  article  in 
the  United  States,  although  it  is  still  in  use  in  many 

buildings. 


7.  Flushing  Device. 
A closet  float- valve 
flushing  device  com- 
monly used  for  flushing 
plunger  closets  is  shown 
in  Fig.  3.  This  is  a 
cross-section  through 
the  plunger  valve,  at 
right  angles  to  the  view 
given  in  Fig.  2,  and  it 
shows  a ball-cock  d that 
is  controlled  by  the 
float  e.  The  water  rises 
to  the  same  height  in 
the  chamber  / that  it  does  in  the  bowl  g,  Figs.  2 and  3,  and 
the  float  is  adjusted  to  maintain  the  water  at  the  proper  level. 


§31 


WATER  CLOSETS 


5 


8.  Plunger  closets  may  be  flushed  with  water  by  means 
of  a closet  spring  valve  on  the  service  pipe,  which,  when 
opened,  will  remain 
open  for  a short 
period  of  time  and 
will  automatically 
close  itself  after 
permitting  a quan- 
t i t y of  water  'to 
pass  that  is  suffi- 
cient to  properly 
flush  the  bowl.  A 
valve  designed  for 
this  purpose  is 
shown  in  Fig.  4. 

The  valve  a is  held  up  to  its  seat  by  the  spring  b.  The 
supply  water  enters  the  space  between  the  valve  and  the 
piston  c.  The  valve  spindle  is  loose  in  the  valve,  and  has  a 
conical  head  at  d that  fits  in  a corresponding  seat  in  the 
piston  c.  A small  hole  e permits  the  water  to  pass  slowly  to 
the  under  side  of  the  piston.  When  the  valve  stem  is 
pushed  down  by  the  hand  lever  ft  the  valve  d opens  and 
allows  the  water  in  the  lower  chamber  to  escape  through 
the  central  hole  into  the  outlet  g.  The  area  of  the  piston 
being  larger  than  that  of  the  valve  a , the  water  pressure 
drives  the  piston  downwards  until  it  is  arrested  by  the 
valve  d.  The  pressure  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  piston 
being  now  balanced  and  the  lever  being  released,  the  spring  b 
pushes  the  piston  upwards  and  gradually  closes  the  valve  a. 
This  upward  motion  is  gradual,  because  the  water  required 
to  fill  the  lower  chamber  must  pass  through  the  small  hole 
and  the  spring  is  not  strong  enough  to  drive  the  piston 
upwards  so  rapidly  as  to  form  a vacuum  behind  it.  The 
waterways  in  this  valve  should  equal  the  area  of  1-inch  or 
1^-inch  pipe  for  water-closet  service.  The  end  of  the  lever 
usually  engages  with  the  plunger  rod  h of  the  closet. 
These  valves  are  not  reliable,  as  they  are  too  apt  to  get  out 
of  order. 


6 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


9.  If  it  can  be  avoided,  ordinary  water  closets  should 
never  be  supplied  with  water  direct  from  city  mains. 
Unless  exposed  to  frost,  they  should  in  all  cases  be  flushed 
from  tanks. 


HOPPER  CLOSETS 

10.  Long-Hopper  Closet. — One  of  the  simplest  forms 
of  a water  closet  is  shown  in  Fig.  5.  This  form,  which  is 

known  to  the  trade  as  a long-hop- 
per closet,  and  also  as  a Philadel- 
phia hopper,  has  a long  closet  bowl 
curved  as  shown  in  the  illustration. 
It  is  provided  with  a 4-inch  outlet 
horn  a passing  through  the  floor,  and 
a floor  flange  b that  serves  as  a base 
to  support  the  closet  on  the  floor. 
The  water  used  for  flushing  the 
bowl  enters  through  the  inlet  horn  c. 
The  inlet  horn  of  the  long  hopper 
shown  in  Fig.  5 is  obliquely  attached 
to  the  bowl,  so  that  the  water  on 
entering  the  bowl  will  swirl  around  on  the  inside. 

11.  A spreader,  or  fan,  a , Fig  6,  which  is  a piece  of 
sheet  metal  placed  over 
the  inlet  or  mouth  of  the 
horn,  is  sometimes  used 
to  spread  the  water  over 
the  surface  of  the  bowl, 
as  shown  by  the  arrows. 

The  general  direction  of 
the  flow  is  nearly  hori- 
zontal. 

12.  Sometimes  the  rim 
of  the  closet  is  hollow,  as 
shown  at  a in  Fig.  7.  The  horn  discharges  into  the  rim, 


Fig  6. 


Fig.  5 


§21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


7 


Fig.  8 

diameter.  The  closet  trap  a and  flushing  valve  b are  thus 
located  below  the  frost  line.  A rod  c extends  above  the 
closet  floor  and  touches  the  under  side  of  the  closet  seat  d, 
which  is  raised  about  1 inch  in  front  by  a spring  in  b when 
the  seat  is  not  occupied.  When  the  closet  is  being  used, 


and  a number  of  perforations  on  the  under  side  of  the  rim 
permit  a series  of  small 
streams  to  flow  all  over  the 
surface  of  the  bowl,  as  shown 
by  the  arrows,  their  general 
direction  being  downwards. 

This  is  called  a perforated 
flushing  rim.  Fig.  7 


13.  Antifreezing  Hopper  Closet. — Fig.  8 shows  an 
antifreezing  closet.  It  is  simply  a long  hopper  set  over  a 
manhole  dug  about  4 or  5 feet  deep  and  about  3 feet  in 


8 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


the  seat  is  pressed  down,  which  automatically  opens  the 
flushing  valve  b.  Water  immediately  flows  through  e and 
flushes  the  closet.  When  the  weight  is  removed  from  the 
seat,  the  closet  continues  to  flush  until  the  valve  in  b 
reaches  its  seat.  To  prevent  the  water  from  remaining 
in  the  valve  b is  provided  with  a small  waste  hole  through 
which  the  water  in  e is  allowed  to  escape  through  a waste 
tube  h after  the  valve  is  closed.  Hence  the  pipe  e cannot 
freeze.  The  pipe  f is  a connection  from  the  city  mains  or 
other  source.  Since  the  valve  b is  liable  to  require  occa- 
sional repairs,  it  is  necessary  to  place  a stop-cock  at  g.  A 
loose  cover  or  trap  door  i is  provided  in  the  floor  for  access 
to  the  manhole  or  pit  under  the  closet.  An  arrangement  of 
this  character,  although  not  strictly  sanitary,  is  sometimes 
necessarily  required,  and  there  are  many  in  use. 

14.  If  the  supply  pipe  is  smaller  than  f inch,  or  is 
unusually  long,  it  is  often  necessary  to  attach  a large  air 
chamber  to  store  water  under  pressure  and  allow  it  to  dis- 
charge into  the  bowl  in  a large  volume  when  the  closet  is 
being  flushed.  Few  of  these  closets  are  on  the  market. 
They  are  patented  combinations  and  are  handled  as 
specialties. 

15.  A long  hopper  is  suitable  only  for  outdoor  situations. 
Hopper  closets  are  seldom  supplied  with  enough  water  to 
keep  them  reasonably  clean,  and  they  should  be  thoroughly 
scrubbed  periodically.  A pailful  of  water  should  be  occa- 
sionally thrown  down  the  hopper  to  forcibly  relieve  the  trap 
of  the  accumulation  of  paper  and  filth,  which,  if  allowed  to 
remain,  would  eventually  choke  it. 

16.  Short-Hopper  Closets. — A short-hopper  closet  is 
composed  of  a bowl  and  trap  above  the  floor,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  9.  This  specific  form  is  generally  defined  as  a short 
hopper  and  trap,  because  the  hopper  bowl  a is  separate 
from  the  trap  b,  and  they  are  fitted  together  on  the  job. 
Presumably  this  is  the  cheapest  water  closet  on  the  market. 
The  bowl  is  made  of  enameled  iron  or  porcelain.  The  trap 


WATER  CLOSETS 


9 


§21 


is  usually  made  of  cast  iron  and  enameled  on  the  inside.  It 
is  superior  to  the  pan  closet  or  plunger  closet  in  every 


Fig.  9 


respect,  and  if  provided  with  a good  flushing  rim  and  an 
ample  supply  of  water  at  a good  pressure,  is  a fairly  sanitary 
fixture.  The  socket  shown  on  top  of  the  trap  is  for  a 2-inch 
cast-iron  vent  connection  to  prevent  siphonage  of  the  trap. 


17.  Fig.  10  shows  a section  through  the  short  hopper 
shown  in  Fig.  9.  The  cast-iron  trap  is  connected  to  the  soil 


10 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 

pipe  a by  a calked  joint  above  the  floor  and  the  back-vent 
horn  is  connected  by  a calked  joint  to  the  back-vent  pipe  b. 
These  are  good  solid  closet  connections,  and  are  reliable. 
The  trap  is  shown  filled  with  water  at  c.  When  this  closet 
is  flushed,  the  water-line  will  rise  inside  the  bowl  probably  to 
the  height  of  the  dotted  line  d.  If  the  water  rises  slowly, 
owing  to  a slow  inflow  of  the  flushing  water,  paper  is  liable 
to  float  on  top  and  will  not  be  driven  through  the  trap. 
Hence,  the  flushing  should  be  done  rapidly.  A 3-gallon 
flush  delivered  through  a lj-inch  flush  pipe  from  a small 
tank  located  about  6 feet  above  the  closet  is  generally  suffi- 
cient to  force  out  the  closet  contents  each  time. 

18.  The  chief  objection  to  the  ordinary  short  hopper  and 
trap  is  that  the  bowl  becomes  foul,  because  it  is  dry  when 
the  closet  is  being  used.  The  excreta  falls  on  the  dry  sur- 
face, adheres  thereto,  and  cannot  be  entirely  washed  off  with 
an  ordinary  flush. 

19.  The  short  hopper  and  trap  closet  is  commonly  used 
in  workshops,  cheap  tenements,  etc.,  where  appearance  is 
not  an  important  factor. 

20.  Pedestal -Hopper  Closets. — In  Fig.  11  is  shown  a 

form  of  hopper  closet  that  is 
usually  made  entirely  of  porce- 
lain, and  is  known  to  the  trade 
as  a pedestal-hopper  closet, 
although  it  is  sometimes 
called  a combined  hopper 
and  trap.  It  is  provided 
with  a flushing  rim  a , which 
is  supplied  from  a flush  pipe 
that  connects  to  the  horn  b. 
A lip  is  formed  at  c to  cause 
a jet  of  water  to  be  ejected 
down  into  the  trap,  as  shown 

by  arrows.  This  causes  the  paper  and  solids  in  the  closet 
to  be  driven  down  and  quickly  pass  through  the  trap. 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


11 


This  closet  has  the  objection  of  having  a large  amount  of 
dry  fouling  surface  in  the  bowl.  Pedestal-hopper  closets  are 
sometimes  called  wash-down  closets,  which  is  a misnomer, 
as  all  closets  flush  downwards. 

21.  A pedestal  hopper  with  outlet  above  the  floor  is 
shown  in  Fig.  12.  It  has  the  least  possible  amount  of  foul- 
ing surface  in  the  bowl.  The  area  of  water  in  the  bowl  is 


large,  so  that  solids  will  drop  into  the  water.  The  surface 
of  the  bowl  is  thus  protected  against  filth,  but  if  the  flush  is 
weak,  paper  is  liable  to  stay  in  the  bowl.  It  is  necessary  to 
have  a strong  flush  for  this  closet,  in  order  to  obtain  perfect 
results.  The  form  of  trap  shown  is  known  as  a P trap. 
When  the  trap  terminates  at  the  floor,  as  in  Fig.  11,  it  is 
called  an  S trap.  The  P trap  permits  connections  to  be 
made  above  the  floor,  as  shown.  A special  fitting  a is  used 


12. 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§ 21 


to  connect  the  trap  by  means  of  a bolted  flange  joint  and 
rubber  gasket  at  b to  the  soil  pipe  c.  A socket  or  tapping 
at  d is  furnished  for  a connection  to  the  back-vent  pipe  ey 

which  is  shown  con- 
nected up. 


FIG.  13 


22.  Occasionally 
it  is  necessary  to  con- 
nect a row  of  closets 
to  a nearly  horizontal 
soil  pipe  a , running 
at  the  back  of  the 
closets,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  13.  The  ped- 
estal hopper  with 
P trap  is  then  very 
desirable.  Fig.  13 
shows  how  such  a 
closet  appears  when 
connected  up  com- 
plete, except  that 
the  water  -supply 
pipe  to  the  tank  b 
is  not  shown.  The 
flush  pipe  c is  lj-inch 
nickel-plated  brass 
about  6 feet  long. 
The  chain  pull  d , 
when  pulled  down, 
operates  a mecha- 
nism inside  the  tank  b 
and  allows  the  con- 
tents of  the  tank  to 
flush  the  closet.  In 
setting  these  closets, 


great  care  must  be  taken  to  make  a perfect  gas-tight  joint 
at  e,  and  also  to  thoroughly  support  the  soil  pipes  so  that 
they  will  not  settle  and  break  the  porcelain. 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


^3 


WASHOUT  CLOSETS 

23.  Construction. — A washout  closet  is  shown  in 
Fig.  14.  It  is  composed  of  a bowl  and  trap.  The  bottom 
of  the  bowl  has  a large  area  and  is  comparatively  shallow. 
The  depth  of  water  remaining  in  the  bowl  should  be 
li  to  If  inches  at  the  deepest  point. 

Water  is  supplied  to  the  closet  bowl  through  the  lf-inch 
flush  pipe  a and  the  perforated  flushing  rim  b,  the  larger 
volume  entering  the  bowl  at  the  back.  If  the  basin  is 


deeper,  the  fresh  water  may  pass  under  the  solid  excreta 
and  fail  to  remove  it  before  the  flush  is  exhausted ; and  if 
the  basin  is  shallower,  the  excreta  may  adhere  so  strongly 
that  it  cannot  all  be  washed  away  without  using  more 
water  than  can  be  allowed. 

The  soil-pipe  branch  and  trap  was  formerly  ventilated  by  a 
back-vent  connection  made  to  a porcelain  horn  situated  at  c, 
but  this  has  been  dispensed  with  because  the  porcelain  horn 


14 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


would  break  too  easily.  The  bowl  may  be  ventilated  by 
attaching  a pipe  to  the  local- vent  connection  d.  This,  how- 
ever, is  seldom  done  unless  the  pipe  can  be  run  inside  or 

near  a warm  chim- 
ney. 

The  lip  e forming 
the  seal  of  the  trap  f 
should  dip  into  the 
standing  water  in 
the  trap  not  less 
than  1 f inches  nor 
more  than  If  inches. 
If  it  is  submerged  to 
a greater  depth,  the 
excreta,  paper,  etc. 
will  require  a larger 
and  more  forcible 
supply  of  water 
than  can  be  allowed 
to  carry  them  down 
under  the  lip  and 
expel  them.  If  the 
submergence  of 
the  lip  is  less  than 
If  inches,  there  is 
danger,  at  times,  of 
its  failing  to  prop- 
erly seal  the  trap. 

The  closet  shown 
is  called  a front- 
on 1 1 e t washout 
water  closet; 
washout  closets  are 
also  made  with  the 
outlet  at  the  side  or 
at  the  back,  as  desired.  They  are  also  constructed  with 
the  bowl  separate  from  the  trap,  the  bowl  being  of  porce- 
lain and  the  trap  of  iron.  This  permits  the  trap  to  be 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


15 


firmly  calked  into  the  cast-iron  soil  pipe,  insuring  a strong 
joint  at  that  point. 

24.  Fig.  15  shows  a front-outlet  washout  water  closet 
and  overhead  flushing  tank  fitted  up  complete,  excepting 
the  water-supply  connection  to  the  tank.  The  closet  has  a 
floor  connection  to  the  soil  pipe.  It  has  no  back-vent  con. 
nection  to  the  porcelain.  There  may  or  may  not  be  a local- 
vent  connection  to  the  bowl;  usually  there  is  none.  The 
closet  is  shown  bolted  down  with  four  closet  expansion 
bolts  a and  washers  to  a marble  safe  b.  If  the  closet  is  set 
on  a wood  floor,  the  two  front  fastenings  are  usually  brass 
lagscrews,  the  rear  fastenings  being  bolts  attached  to  a 
brass  floor  flange  under  the  porcelain  closet  flange. 

Fig.  15  illustrates  a thoroughly  sanitary  fixture  that  gives 
satisfactory  results  if  the  bowl  is  scoured  out  occasionally 
with  a scrubbing  brush  to  remove  traces  of  solid  matter 
that  may  adhere  to  it. 

25.  Vent  Connection. — Practical  experience  of  recent 
years  has  taught  the  plumbing  trade  that  the  porcelain  vent 
horns  of  water  closets  are  so  easily  cracked,  or  broken  off, 
that  it  is  not  advisable  to  back-vent  any  form  of  water 
closet  from  a porcelain  horn.  This  defect  has  been  so  pro- 
nounced that  many  plumbing  rules  and  regulations  prohibit 
the  use  of  porcelain  back-vent  horns. 

Theoretically,  a back-vent  connection  should  be  made  to 
the  top  of  the  trap,  but  in  practice  it  must  be  made  on  the 
metallic  pipe  near  the  floor  flange  connection  to  the  closet. 

26.  Advantages  and  Disadvantages. — The  washout 
closet  is  quite  noisy  in  its  operation,  and  the  space  over  the 
trap  inlet  is  liable  to  become  foul.  These  are  the  principal 
objections  to  this  form  of  closet.  But,  it  has  an  advantage, 
which,  for  family  use,  entirely  overbalances  the  disadvan- 
tages; namely,  it  holds  the  contents  open  to  view  for  inspec- 
tion, as  mothers  and  nurses  usually  desire  to  carefully  watch 
the  passages  of  children.  Besides,  should  children  throw  such 
things  as  dolls,  etc.,  into  a washout  water  closet,  they  can 


16 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§ 21 

easily  be  observed  before  the  closet  is  flushed.  Such  things, 
if  dropped  into  other  style  closets,  may  sink  into  the  trap 
and  be  accidentally  flushed  through  the  closet  and  into  the 
soil  pipe,  when  they  may  choke  the  closet  or  the  drainage 
system.  If  the  objection  to  noise  is  not  an  important 
factor,  it  is  quite  proper  to  install  front-outlet  washout 
closets  for  family  use. 


SIPHON-JET  CLOSETS 

27.  Advantages.— The  siphon-jet  closet  is  a form  of 
closet  that  has  become  quite  popular.  If  properly  flushed,  it 
gives  excellent  results.  It  is  clean,  ejects  the  solid  contents 
quickly,  has  a good  depth  of  water  into  which  the  solids  fall 
and  thus  instantly  become  partially  deodorized,  and  is  self- 
cleansing, or  as  nearly  so  as  any  water  closet  yet  put  in 
public  use.  With  the  exception  of  its  liability  to  chokage, 
it  is  considered  to  be  the  best  form  of  closet  on  the  market. 
But,  it  must  be  supplied  from  a flushing  tank  that  is  espe- 
cially constructed  to  discharge  the  proper  amount  of  water, 
preferably  a siphon  cistern;  otherwise,  the  siphon  closet  will 
be  just  as  bad  as,  or  worse  than,  the  poorest  form  in  use. 

28.  Early  Form. — One  of  the  first  siphon-jet  closets 
placed  on  the  market  is  shown  in  Fig.  16.  It  clearly  illus- 
trates the  genera]  principle  on  which  this  type  of  closet 
operates. 

The  contents  of  the  bowl  are  sucked  out  by  the  siphon, 
which  is  formed  by  the  two  tubes  a and  b.  Some  of  the 
water  that  enters  the  flushing  rim  c rushes  down  the  tube  d , 
forming  a jet  that  drives  the  water  in  a Up  into  the  space  e 
and  fills  the  tube  b . As  b is  longer  than  a , the  two  pas- 
sages act  as  a siphon  until  the  water  in  the  bowl  falls  below 
the  lip  y,  when  air  enters  and  stops  siphonage.  The  closet 
outlet  horn  g is  attached  to  the  soil-pipe  branch.  The 
bacl^-vent  pipe  k ventilates  the  closet  branch  and  prevents 
the  bowl  from  being  siphoned  by  the  discharge  of  other 
fixtures  into  the  same  stack. 


§21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


17 


In  the  latest  forms  of  siphon  closets  the  back-vent  horn  h 
is  dispensed  with  altogether,  and  instead  of  the  back-vent 


connection  being  made  to  the  porcelain,  it  is  made  to  the 
soil-pipe  branch  under  the  floor  and  as  near  to  the  closet  as 
possible. 

29.  Modern  Forms. — There  are  now  many  different 
makes  of  siphon  closets  in  the  market,  but,  in  a general 
way,  they  are  all  about  alike.  Fig.  17  shows  a common 
modern  form.  The  closet  is  composed  of  one  solid  piece  of 
porcelain.  The  back  strip  a of  the  seat  is  secured  to  the 
bowl  by  means  of  lagscrews,  as  shown.  Many  seats  are 
secured  with  through  bolts  instead.  A cover  b is  shown 
hinged  to  a , which  is  very  suitable  for  closets  in  private 
dwellings,  particularly  in  bathrooms,  but  in  public  build- 
ings it  is  seldom  advisable  to  use  hinged  covers  over  the 
seats.  The  flush  pipe  c connects  to  the  closet  horn  with  a 
slip-joint  attachment  which,  although  water-tight,  allows  the 
flush  pipe  to  be  jarred  without  breaking  the  horn.  A water 
channel  extends  down  the  side  of  the  closet,  as  shown  by 
dotted  lines,  and  terminates  at  a f-inch  or  -|-inch  aperture  d 


18 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


J I gf. 

at  the  bottom  of  the  closet;  the  horn  also  has  a water 
channel  that  delivers  into  the  flushing  rim.  When  the 
closet  chain  is  pulled,  and  water  falls  down  the  flush  pipe, 
part  of  it  flows  into  the  bowl  through  the  flushing  rim  and 
part  of  it  is  ejected  in  the  form  of  a jet  from  d.  The  jet 


throws  a large  volume  of  water  from  the  trap  into  the  out- 
let channel  e,  which  acts  like  the  long  leg  of  a siphon,  and 
rapidly  siphons  the  bowl  nearly  empty.  The  illustration 
shows  the  bowl  siphoned  nearly  empty  and  air  being  sucked 
in  under  the  lip  /,  which  stops  siphonage. 

The  capacity  of  the  flushing  tank  should  be  so  arranged 
that  the  flush  will  stop  when  the  bowl  is  filled  again.  The 


Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineering, 
water  Uniysrsifys  of  Illinois,  19 


pipe.^'  shown  at  the  left  of  the  flush  pipe  is  a £-inch, 
nickel-plated,  brass  water-supply  pipe  for  the  closet  tank. 
A stop-cock  li  is  placed  in  it  to  shut  off  the  water  from  the 
tank  when  repairs  are  required. 

30.  Another  siphon-jet  closet  is  shown  in  Fig.  18.  The 
jet  is  concealed  from  view.  It  is  located  at  the  back  of  the 


lip  a that  forms  the  seal.  The  water  channel  b that  supplies 
the  jet  is  formed  between  the  bowl  and  the  inlet  leg  of  the 
siphon. 

31.  Some  siphon-jet  closets  are  furnished  with  a refill- 
ing1 chamber  in  the  form  of  a bulge  or  swelling  on  the  side 
of  the  closet,  as  shown  by  dotted  lines  at  c in  Fig.  18;  the 
two  small  holes  shown  in  b are  used  to  refill  the  seal  at  the 
lip  and  thus  prevent  drain  air  from  coming  into  the  building 
through  the  flushing  rim  or  through  the  flush  pipe  if  the 
closet  seal  should  not  be  properly  replaced  after  a siphonic 
discharge. 

The  closet  seat  attachment  is  of  brass  and  rigidly  bolted 
through  the  porcelain,  which  is  reinforced  by  an  extra 


20 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


thickness  at  that  point.  This  makes  a very  strong  and  clean 
seat  attachment,  every  part  of  which  can  be  easily  cleaned. 

32,  A plain  siplion  closet,  or  wash-down  siplion,  as 
it  is  commonly  called  by  its  manufacturers,  is  a cheap  form 
of  siphon  closet.  It  has  the  same  construction  as  the 
siphon-jet  type,  excepting  that  it  has  no  jet  to  produce  a 
quick  discharge  of  the  bowl.  When  such  a closet  is  flushed, 
the  water  in  the  bowl  simply  overflows  into  the  outlet  leg, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  19,  and  is  wasted.  The  solid  matter  and 
paper  remain  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  bowl, 
until  the  siphon  leg  becomes  so  completely  charged  with 


water  as  to  start  siphonage,  when  the  bowl  will  be  emptied. 
But  as  siphonage  usually  does  not  start  until  the  flush  is 
nearly  exhausted,  solids  in  the  short  leg  a of  the  siphon  fre- 
quently fall  back  and  return  to  the  bowl.  Although  the 
flush  should  continue  until  all  the  contents  of  the  bowl  were 
thrown  over  the  lip  b,  this  form  of  closet  would  yet  be 
defective,  because  most  of  the  water  leaves  the  clo'set  in 
advance  of  the  solid  matter.  In  such  a case,  the  solids 
ejected  from  the  bowl  remain  in  the  house-drainage  system 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


§ 21 

until  the  closet  is  flushed  again ; it  is  only  then  that  the  solid 
matter  is  conveyed  beyond  the  house-drainage  system. 

It  is  different  with  a well-made  siphon-jet  closet  that  dis- 
charges the  contents  of  the  bowl  quickly ; here  the  latter 
part  of  the  flush  is  used  to  convey  the  solids  to  the  sewer. 
The  plain  siphon  closet,  therefore,  is  not  to  be  recommended 
unless  the  closet  is  supplied  with  a quick-acting  and  very 
strong  flush.  When  combined  with  a low-down  tank,  the 
ordinary  plain  siphon  closet  gives  trouble  by  chokage  and 
waste  of  water. 


LOW -DOWN  TANK  CLOSETS  * 

33.  Low-down  tank  closets  are  becoming  quite  popular, 
because  of  their  marked  quietness  in  action  and  their  adapt- 
ability to  places 
where  overhead 
tanks  cannot  be  in- 
stalled. They  are 
particularly  suited 
for  sp  a c e s under 
stairs,  etc.,  where 
there  is  too  little 
headroom  for  ordi- 
nary tank  closets, 
and  are  often  placed 
in  toilet  rooms  ad- 
joining sick  cham- 
bers. Fig.  20  shows 
a favorite  arrange- 
ment. The  tank  a, 
which  contains 
about  5 or  6 gallons 

of  water,  is  located  fig.  20 

immediately  at  the  back  of  the  closet.  The  mechanism  in 
the  tank  is  similar  to  that  in  overhead  tanks,  the  chief 
difference  being  that  the  flush  pipe  b is  much  larger.  The 
valve  in  the  tank  is  from  3 to  4 inches  in  diameter. 


22 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


34.  In  Fig.  20,  the  low-down  tank  is  supplied  with  water 
through  the  bottom  by  a ^-inch  nickel-plated  brass  supply 
pipe  c having  a shut-off  valve  or  stop-cock  attached  to  it 
above  the  floor  for  convenience  in  shutting  off  the  water 
from  the  tank  when  it  needs  repairs.  A chain  pull  d is  used 
to  operate  the  flush.  A push  button  or  other  means  may, 
however,  be  employed  to  operate  the  flush. 

35.  The  chief  objection  to  the  ordinary  forms  of  low- 
down  tank  closets  is  that  the  flush  is  weak,  due  to  the  low 
head  of  the  flush.  In  attempting  to  overcome  this  objec- 
tion, the  closet  outlet  is  often  contracted  so  much  that  it 
becomes  easily  choked.  Another  objection  is  that  a larger 
amount  of  water  is  required  to  produce  a perfect  flush  than 
when  the  tank  is  high  up.  This  also  is  due  to  lack  of  head 
for  flushing. 


DIRECT-FLUSH  CLOSETS 

36.  Installation. — Direct-flush  closets,  i.  e.,  those 
that  are  flushed  by  a direct  connection  to  the  city  mains  or 

to  the  general  plumbing 
system  in  a building,  ap- 
pear to  be  in  demand  for 
special  places  or  special 
work.  The  chief  advan- 
tages claimed  for  them 
are  the  reduced  cost  of 
installation  and  the  small 
amount  of  space  they 
occupy.  Fig.  21  shows 
one  of  these  closets  con- 
nected up  complete.  It 
is  essentially  composed  of 
an  ordinary  siphon-jet 
closet,  the  horn  of  which 
is  connected  to  a lever- 
handle  valve  attachment, 
as  shown  at*  <2,  and  which 
is  supplied  with  water  from  the  regular  house  service  pipes. 


WATER  CLOSETvS 


23 


§ 21 

37.  Flushing1  Apparatus. — Fig.  22  shows,  in  section, 
the  valve  attachment  mentioned  in  the  previous  article.  It 
is  known  to  the  trade  as  the  Flushometer,  which  is  the 
name  applied  to  it  by  the  manufacturer.  This  valve  is 
principally  composed  of  an  outer  casing,  an  inner  casing, 
two  valves,  and  a lever  handle.  The  outer  casing  is  tapped 


1^  inches  or  1J  inches  at  a , to  connect  to  an  iron  water- 
supply  pipe.  The  outer  casing  above  the  valve  seat  b is 
therefore  subject  to  the  full  water  pressure  when  the  closet 
is  not  in  use.  The  inner  chamber  c is  screwed  over  the 
valve  seat.  A number  of  holes  (about  ^ inch  diameter)  are 


24 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


drilled  all  around  this  chamber  at  d,  to  allow  water  to  flow 
from  the  outer  chamber  into  the  inner  chamber;  a regula- 
ting ring  e is  arranged  to  screw  down  over  the  port  holes 
at  d , and  thus  regulate  the  volume  of  the  flush.  The  coup- 
ling f connects  to  the  closet  with  a slip  joint.  When  the 
handle  g is  pulled  toward  the  closet,  a lever  arm  raises  the 
valve  stem  /*,  thus  opening  a small  relief  valve  i before 
the  large,  or  flush,  valve  /,  is  opened  by  a crosshead  k 
engaging  the  hollow  stem  /.  The  relief  valve  allows  water 
in  c to  freely  escape  to  the  closet  bowl  when  j is  raised 
quickly.  When  the  large  valve  is  raised  off  its  seat,  water 
flows  freely  from  a through  f to  the  flushing  rim  and  siphon- 
jet  channel  of  the  closet.  When  the  handle  has  been  pulled 
over  as  far  as  it  will  go,  the  plunger  in  and  the  two  valves 
are  raised  to  the  top  of  the  chamber  c , and  the  water  in  c 
has  been  displaced  by  the  plunger.  As  soon  as  the  hand  is 
removed  from  the  handle  g,  the  relief  valve  closes  automatic- 
ally, and  as  the  plunger  fits  the  inner  chamber  closely,  the 
large  valve  falls  to  its  seat  with  a speed  that  varies  with  the 
size  of  the  opening  that  allows  water  to  enter  c and  occupy 
the  space  that  the  plunger  is  vacating  as  it  falls. 

38.  To  regulate  the  falling  speed  of  the  plunger,  which 
also  means  to  regulate  the  length  of  time  that  the  closet  will 
be  flushed,  a regulating  screw  n is  provided;  this  has  a 
tapering  slot  cut  on  the  thread.  By  unscrewing  n , the 
small  water  passage  is  increased  and  the  duration  of  the 
flush  is  shortened.  By  screwing  down  n , the  aperture  is 
closed  more  and  the  duration  of  the  flush  is  increased.  To 
insure  a refilling  of  the  closet  bowl  before  the  flush  stops, 
i.  e.,  to  cause  the  latter  part  of  the  flush  to  flow  slowly  into 
the  closet  bowl  and  thus  refill  it  without  danger  of  another 
siphonic  action  in  the  closet,  a ring  or  controller  o is  loosely 
fitted  around  /.  When  the  valve  is  raised,  this  allows  water 
to  come  easily  to  the  closet  at  first,  but  when  the  valve  is 
raised  about  one-quarter  of  its  range,  the  ring  o is  also 
raised  above  the  level  of  the  valve  seat  and  the  full  volume 
of  the  flush  goes  to  the  closet.  If  this  ring  were  omitted, 


§21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


25 


the  flush  (from  a high-pressure  source)  would  come  to  the 
closet  with  such  speed  as  to  jar  the  fixture  and  make  a dis- 
agreeable noise.  If  the  flushometer  is  properly  adjusted  to 
suit  the  conditions  under  which  it  operates,  a nearly  noise- 
less and  thorough  flush  can  be  obtained. 

39.  Flushometers  are  made  to  operate  under  high  or  low 
pressure,  but  as  a rule  they  are  not  suitable  for  pressures 
less  than  10  pounds  by  the  gauge. 

40.  If  the  service  pipe  that  supplies  the  closet  valve  is 
sufficiently  large  to 
insure  an  abundant 
supply  of  water  for 
flushing,  the  form  of 
closet  shown  in  Fig.  21 
will  give  satisfactory 
results.  But,  if  the 
pipes  are  small  and 
the  supply  not  abun- 
dant, the  closets  will 
not  flush  satisfactorily 
no  matter  what  pres- 
sure may  be  in  the 
pipes.  If  the  service 
pipe  that  supplies  a 
building  with  water 
from  a street  main  is 
j inch  or  less,  it  is 
practically  impossible 
to  obtain  a direct 
flush  of  sufficient  vol- 
ume and  force.  In 
such  a case  it  is  nec- 
essary to  use  a tank  a , 

Fig.  23,  in  the  attic  or 
elsewhere,  to  supply 
the  closets.  The  tank  should  contain  from  5 to  6 gallons 


26 


WATER  CLOSETS* 


21 


of  water  for  each  closet  supplied  from  it.  A downward 
supply  pipe  b,  whose  size  will  depend  on  the  number  of 
closets  that  are  likely  to  be  flushed  at  the  same  time,  is 
used  to  supply  all  the  closets.  In  the  illustration,  the  sizes 
given  should  produce  good  results. 

Fig.  23  illustrates  how  the  direct-flushing  closet  is  par- 
ticularly adapted  to  be  placed  under  windows,  as  at  c;  under 
stairs,  as  at  d\  or  on  platforms  where  there  is  no  headroom 
for  an  ordinary  flushing  tank,  as  at  e.. 


41.  If  a tank  is  not  used,  and  if  the  service  pipe  from 

the  street  main  is  small 
(say  1 inch  or  less),  a 
direct-flushing'  valve  a , 
Fig.  24,  may  be  used  in 
combination  with  an  air 
chamber  b.  A f-inch 
pipe  c connecting  to  the 
city  mains  delivers  water 
into  the  base  of  the  air 
chamber,  but  above  the 
flushing  valve.  The  street 
pressure  compresses  the 
air  in  b,  and  thus  fills  it 
with  water  to  a height 
commensurate  with  the 
pressure.  Thus  a consid- 
erable volume  of  water  is 
stored  in  b under  full  city 
pressure.  The  instant  the 
handle  d of  the  valve  is 
pulled  down  and  the  flush 
valve  opened,  the  water 
in  b is  swiftly  discharged 
into  the  closet  by  the  ex- 
panding compressed  air 
in  the  chamber  b.  As 
soon  as  the  air  has  expanded  to  a low  pressure,  the  flush 


Fig.  24 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


27 


becomes  too  weak  to  be  effective;  it  is  useful  then  only 
to  refill  the  bowl.  Hence  the  necessity  of  a large  air 
chamber. 

Since  air  chambers  lose  air  by  its  absorption  in  the  water, 
the  chambers  should  be  occasionally  replenished.  Hence 
the  tank-supply  system  has  an  advantage  over  the  street- 
pressure  system  with  air  compression  chambers. 

4 2,  The  flushometer  should  take  from  7 to  12  seconds  to 
flush  properly.  In  fitting  up  these  fixtures,  the  plumber 
must  be  careful  that  no  red  lead  or  other  cement  used  in 
making  up  the  joints  is  allowed  to  get  into  the  inner 
chamber,  as  this  may  prevent  the  valve  falling  to  its  seat. 

43.  To  determine  whether  a flushometer  can  be  success- 
fully operated  from  a street  supply,  first  disconnect  the  serv- 
ice pipe,  then  turn  on  the  water  full  force  and  allow  it  to 
run  for  10  seconds.  If  the  volume  of  water  discharged  in 
that  time  is  not  equal  to  or  greater  than  5 gallons,  it  may 
safely  be  decided  that  the  water  supply  is  not  sufficient  for 
a direct  flush. 


PNEUMATIC  SIPHON  CLOSETS 

44.  Pneumatic  siplion  closets  have  two  traps  and  an 
air  chamber  between.  The  lower  trap  is  usually  located 
under  the  floor,  being  separated  from  the  closet  proper. 
A |-inch  or  |-inch  tube  connects  the  air  chamber  to  an  air 
ejector  located  inside  the  flush  pipe  just  under  the  tank. 
As  the  water  falls  down  the  flush  pipe  from  the  overhead 
tank  to  the  flushing  rim  of  the  closet,  it  draws  air  from  the 
chamber  between  the  traps  and  thus  starts  siphonage  of  the 
bowl. 

This  form  of  closet  is  not  so  popular  as  the  siphon-jet 
closet.  It  has  the  disadvantage  of  discharging,  along  with 
the  water,  the  foul  air  from  the  trap  chamber  through 
the  flushing  rim,  whence  it  is  liberated  into  the  rooms; 


28 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


therefore,  from  a sanitary  point  of  view,  it  is  not  so 
desirable  as  the  siphon-jet  or  front-outlet  washout  closets. 
Besides,  it  has  more  parts  to  become  choked  or  otherwise 
impaired  by  usage. 


LOCAL- VENT  CLOSETS 

45.  Closet  Construction. — There  are  a large  number 

of  water  closets  constructed 
with  connections  for  local 
vents,  but  usually  the  horns 
are  too  small  for  natural 
draft  ventilation,  being  only 
about  2 inches  in  diameter. 
A closet  especially  con- 
structed with  large  local- 
vent  openings  is  shown  in 
Fig.  25.  Two  large  vent 
openings  a , a in  the  form  of 
a horseshoe  are  molded  in- 
side the  porcelain  body,  a 
4-inch  outlet  being  made  at 
the  back  of  the  closet  to 
connect  to  a 4-inch  local- 
vent  pipe  b , that  runs  up  in- 
side the  walls  against  which 
the  closet  is  set.  The  inlet 
openings  for  the  local  vent 

in  the  bowl  are  above  the  water-line  of  the  bowl,  and  the 
closet  is  so  constructed  that,  while  being  flushed,  water 
cannot  back  into  the  local-vent  openings.  The  local-vent 
pipe  b should  be  continued  to  a permanently  hot  flue,  and 
either  connected  to  the  flue  or  run  up  to  and  through  the 
roof  alongside  of  the  flue  in  such  a manner  that  it  will  be 
heated  by  the  flue.  This  is  necessary  in  order  to  insure  a 
positive  upward  current  in  the  local-vent  pipe  at  all  times. 

46.  Venting  Mechanism. — In  places  where  it  is  impos 
sible  to  obtain  the  aid  of  a permanently  heated  flue,  it  is 


Fig.  25 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


29 


necessary  to  insure  a positive  ventilation  by  means  of  mech- 
anism. For  example,  a fan  a operated  by  a small  electric 
motor  b may  be  used,  as  shown  in  Fig.  26,  but  as  this  is  an 
expensive  installation,  it  is  very  seldom  used  except  in 
hotels  or  other  such  buildings  where  the  local  vent  from  a 
large  number  of  closets  can  be  connected  together  and 
joined  to  the  fan  inlet,  as  shown.  The  discharge  pipe  c from 


the  fan  delivers  the  foul  air  into  the  outer  atmosphere, 
preferably  above  the  roof.  Local-vent  pipes  may  be  made 
of  No.  26  or  28  galvanized  sheet  iron;  joints  and  seams 
should  be  riveted  and  soldered  or  otherwise  made  air-tight. 

If  a local-vent  pipe  is  taken  from  a closet  and  run  up 
through  the  roof  away  from  a heated  flue,  there  will  be 
times  when  a down  draft  will  occur.  This  is  decidedly 
objectionable  and  renders  the  local-vent  pipe  more  danger- 
ous than  useful. 


30 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


47.  Fig.  27  shows  a sectional  view  of  a small  ventilator 
for  local  venting  a closet  by  mechanical  means;  it  is  oper- 
ated automatically,  and  can  be  connected  to  any  closet 


having  the  seat  attached  to  the  bowl.  When  the  seat  is 
being  used,  the  push  button  a is  pressed  down,  opening  the 
valve  b by  the  lever  c.  This  allows  the  water  to  flow 


Property  ot  tlw  Dep’t  ot 
Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineering, 

§31  water  cyijfogrgjty  ct  ISSinnis.  31 

through  the  pipe  d into  the  nipple  plate  e , which  has  a small 
hole  through  which  the  water  plays  on  the  blade  f of  an 
impulse  wheel  operating  the  fan  gy  which  is  connected  to 
the  waterwheel  shaft,  as  shown.  The  revolving  fan  draws 
the  foul  air  from  the  closet  bowl  h through  a special  inlet  i 
located  under  the  seat,  and  ejects  it  to  the  outer  atmos- 
phere through  the  vent  pipe  j\  as  shown  by  the  arrows. 
After  the  water  passes  the  wheel,  it  flows  back  to  the  closet 
along  the  bottom  of  the  vent  tube. 

48.  Fig.  28  shows  the  ventilator  connected  to  a low-down 
tank  siphon-jet  water  closet.  All  parts  visible  have  been 


lettered  the  same  as  the  corresponding  parts  in  Fig.  27 ; the 
water-supply  pipe  k is  connected  to  the  house  service. 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


33 


WATER-CLOSET  RANGES 


TROUGH  CLOSETS 

49.  A trough  closet,  or  closet  range,  as  it  is  commonly 
called,  is  simply  a long  narrow  water-supplied  trough  pro- 
vided with  an  outlet  at  its  lower  end,  the  trough  being  sur- 
mounted by  a row  of  water-closet  seats  with  or  without 
partitions  between  them.  They  are  used  chiefly  in  cheap 
schoolhouses,  barracks,  workshops,  etc. , and  for  public 
places,  such  as  in  the  streets,  squares,  and  parks  of  cities, 
where  closets  receive  the  worst  usage.  If  they  are  in  charge 
of  a janitor  or  other  attendant,  they  may  be  provided  with 
any  suitable  form  of  hand-flushing  device.  But,  if  there  is 
liability  of  neglect  in  attention,  they  should  be  flushed 
automatically. 

50.  Fig.  29  (a)  shows  an  automatic  siphon  water-closet 
range  in  common  use.  A cross-section  through  the  trough 
is  shown  in  detail  in  Fig.  29  ( b ).  The  trough  a is  made  of 
cast  iron,  which  should  be  enameled  white  inside.  The 
bottom  pitches  slightly  down  to  the  discharge  opening  b. 
Two  traps,  c and  d , are  placed  on  the  drain  that  conveys  the 
contents  of  the  trough  to  the  sewer.  The  space  between 
c and  d is  air-tight.  A j-inch  or  1-inch  air  pipe  c connects 
with  the  water  in  the  tank  yin  such  a manner  that  when  the 
water  is  being  discharged  from  the  tank  a strong  suction  is 
produced  that  draws  air  from  the  space  g.  A large  pipe  h 
(usually  4-inch  or  5-inch)  connects  the  bottom  of  the  tank 
to  a large  fan  or  spreader  i , and  to  two  perforated  flush 
pipes  y‘,y  running  the  full  length  of  the  trough  under  the 
closet  seats.  The  tank  is  of  the  automatic  class,  and  the 
trough  operates  on  the  pneumatic  discharge  principle.  Par- 
titions are  shown  between  the  closets.  The  spaces  between 
the  partitions  are  known  as  stalls. 

A ventilating  extension  is  placed  at  the  discharge  end  of 
the  trough,  and  its  collar  k is  fitted  with  a sheet-metal  flue  /, 
which  is  continued  up  to  and  through  the  roof,  alongside  or 


34  WATER  CLOSETS  § 21 

inside  of  a warm  flue.  This  is  a local  vent  that  carries  off 
odors  from  the  trough,  as  shown  by  the  arrows. 

51.  The  operation  of  this' apparatus  is  simple.  Water 
from  the  city  mains  or  house  tank  enters  /"through  a |-inch 
or  f-inch  pipe  m,  the  stop-cock  being  regulated  so  that  the 
tank  will  fill  about  once  each  hour  or  longer,  according  to 
existing  conditions.  At  the  proper  time,  the  tank  begins  to 
discharge  its  contents  through  /;,  i,  and  j.  At  the  same  time 
a partial  vacuum  is  produced  in  g that  causes  the  water  in  c 
to  immediately  flow  into  g and  start  a siphonage  of  the 
trough.  The  water  coming  from  the  inlet  i pushes  all  solids 
toward  the  outlet.  The  tubes /,  j cleanse  the  sides  of  the 
trough.  When  the  siphonage  stops,  the  trap  d retains  its 
seal  and  the  trough  is  refilled  from  the  tank  to  about  the 
level  shown. 


LATRINES 

52 . Latrines  are  a series  of  strong  stoneware  or  cast-iron 
pans  or  closet  bowls,  usually  porcelain-lined,  connected  at 


a 


their  bottom  by  a large  pipe  that  forms  part  of  them  and 
that  has  a gentle  fall  to  the  outlet  end. 

Fig.  30  shows  a form  that  is  flushed  by  hand.  The  bowls 
a,  a , etc.  are  furnished  with  flushing  rims.  A plunger  b , 
which  also  acts  as  an  overflow,  is  seated  water-tight  in  the 
plunger  chamber.  There  are  many  different  ways  of  flush- 
ing the  bowls.  The  one  shown  is  similar  in  principle  to  the 
method  of  flushing  the  plunger  closet  in  Figs.  2 and  3.  The 
valve  c is  opened  or  closed  by  the  ball  float  falling  or  rising 
with  the  water  in  the  plunger  chamber,  which,  of  course, 


§21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


35 


corresponds  with  the  water-line  of  the  closet  bowls.  The 
branches  that  connect  to  the  flushing  rims  of  the  bowls  are 
smaller  than  the  main  flush  pipe  d.  Latrines,  although 
superior  to  trough  closets,  are  not  very  desirable  fixtures. 
In  this  particular  style,  the  entire  row  must  be  flushed  in 
order  to  cleanse  any  one  bowl.  A more  sanitary  arrange- 
ment can  be  obtained  by  simply  using  individual  closets 
separately  trapped  and  flushed  from  separate  tanks  overhead. 
Probably  the  greatest  objection  to  the  latrine  shown  here  is 
that,  should  a partial  vacuum  be  formed  in  the  supply  pipe 
foul  air  in  the  closet  bowls  may  be  sucked  into  e when  the 
plunger  b is  raised  and  thereby  contaminate  the  water  sup- 
ply to  other  outlets.  If  the  latrines  are  arranged  to  be 
flushed  from  a large  tank  overhead,  this  danger  will  be 
overcome. 

Latrines  are  used  chiefly  in  public  places,  schools,  railroad 
stations,  factories,  barracks,  etc.,  and  are  usually  under  the 
control  of  a janitor. 


53.  Fig.  31  shows  a set  of  modern  automatic  latrines 
fitted  up  complete.  It  is  composed  of  a number  of 


36 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


enameled  cast-iron  bowls  a , a , etc.,  each  furnished  with  a 
flushing  rim.  A double-trap  pneumatic  siphon  arrange- 
ment similar  to  that  shown  in  Fig.  29  is  located  at  b.  The 
cast-iron  flushing  tank  c operates  automatically,  and  is  sup- 
ported on  the  partitions  d,  d.  The  flush  pipe  branches  off 
at  its  base  with  a twin  elbow,  shown  by  dotted  lines  at  e. 
This  splits  the  flush  and  diverts  it  equally  to  the  two  hori- 
zontal pipes  f,  f.  Branches  are  taken  from  these  pipes,  as 
shown  by  dotted  lines,  to  flush  the  bowls,  and  the  extreme 
end  of  each  pipe  /'returns  and  joins  the  higher  ends  of  the 
trunk  lines  g,  g,  as  shown  at  h.  The  return  bends  h , h thus 
flush  g,  gt  while  the  smaller  branches  i flush  the  bowls.  The 
air  pipe  j connects  to  the  top  of  the  flush  pipe  and  acts  the 
same  as  e in  Fig.  29. 

54.  The  dimensions  best  adapted  to  latrine  stalls  for 
schools  are  about  2 feet  between  stalls;  16  inches  to  top  of 
seat;  5 feet  to  5 feet  0 inches  from  floor  to  top  of  partitions; 
about  8 feet  from  the  floor  to  the  top  of  the  tank;  diameter 
of  outlet,  5 inches. 

55.  When  a set  consists  of  5 latrines  or  less,  the  outlet 
section  is  placed  at  the  end.  When  it  consists  of  more  than 
5 and  up  to  10  latrines,  the  outlet  section  is  placed  in  the 
center,  as  shown.  When  it  is  desired  to  have  more  than 
10  latrines  in  a battery,  they  should  be  set  back  to  back  in 
the  middle  of  the  floor.  This  will  allow  20  latrines  in  one 
battery,  which  are  supplied  from  one  tank  over  the  center. 


WATER-CLOSET  STALLS 

56.  Water-closet  stalls,  or  closet  apartments,  are 
usually  constructed  with  marble  partitions,  nickel-plated 
brass  fastenings,  and  special  doors.  The  walls  against 
which  the  closets  are  set  are  generally  covered  with  glazed 
tiles,  slate,  or  marble  slabs,  and  the  floors  of  the  stalls  are 
commonly  of  the  same  material.  The  stalls  are  generally 


§ 21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


37 


arranged  side  by  side  against  one  of  the  walls  of  the  toilet 
room  in  which  they  are  located. 

57.  Fig.  32  shows  marble  or  slate  stalls  in  which  water 
closets  a , a , are  located.  These  closets  are  flushed  by 
tanks  b , b , b.  The  stall  partitions  c,  c,  c and  stiles  d , d , are 


separate  slabs  supported  on  nickel-plated  brass  legs,  or 
standards,  e,  e.  They  are  braced  on  top  by  nickel-plated 
brass  pillars  f,  f \ f and  a pipe  railing  g.  The  dimensions 


38 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 

of  each  stall  are  about  3 feet  6 inches  wide;  5 feet  8 inches 
from  front  to  rear,  and  6 feet  6 inches  high.  These  dimen- 
sions are  not  arbitrary,  for  the  stalls  can  be  made  any  size. 
The  rear  ends  of  the  partitions  are  let  into  the  wall  about  1^ 
or  2 inches  for  support  and  secured  with  nickel-plated  brass 
brackets.  The  doors  are  usually  hinged  to  the  stiles  with 
spring  hinges.  The  only  locking  attachment  required  is  a 
bolt  inside,  and  it  is  advisable  that  the  lock  be  so  con- 
structed that  when  closed  a sign  will  be  moved  on  the  front 
of  the  door  to  indicate  whether  the  stall  is  occupied  or  not. 
The  thickness  of  the  marble  should  be  at  least  1J  inches, 
which,  if  the  marble  is  good,  is  sufficiently  strong  for  ordi- 
nary service.  The  partitions  and  doors  should  never  extend 
to  the  floor.  There  should  be  a clear  space  of  about  1 foot 
for  ventilation  and  for  convenience  in  scrubbing  the  floor. 

58.  Fig.  33  (a)  shows  a good  form  of  corner  standard, 
and  Fig.  33  (b)  a common  intermediate  standard  to  sup- 


ra; (b) 

Fig.  33 


port  a stile  with  the  recess  a and  a partition  with  the 
recess  b.  After  the  slabs  are  set  in  their  respective  places, 
holes  are  drilled  through  them  to  mateh  the  holes  c in  the 
standards  and  other  fixings;  then  screw  bolts,  similar  to 
that  shown  in  Fig.  33  (c),  are  used.  The  part  a is  the  nut. 
It  is  tapped  to  fit  the  bolt  and  has  a half-round  head  with  a 
slot  in  it.  This  makes  a very  neat  bolt  and  nut  for  marble 
work. 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


39 


WATER-CLOSET  DETAILS 


WATER-CLOSET  SEATS 


WALL-ATTACHED  SEATS 


59.  Water-closet  seats  are  given  many  forms,  but  very 
few  of  them  have  a proper  shape.  Several  state  boards  of 
health  have  settled  on  the  shape  shown  in 
Fig.  34  as  the  best  form,  and  recommend 
its  general  use.  They  say:  “The  hole  in 
the  seat  should  be  long  from  front  to  back, 
but  narrow  from  side  to  side.  It  should 
never  be  made  circular,  as  carpenters  will 
do  unless  otherwise  instructed.  The 
proper  dimensions  are  11  inches  by 
4 inches.  The  edges  should  be  moderately 
beveled.  This  shape  will  make  the  act  of 
relief  much  easier  and  tend  greatly  to  prevent  that  painful 
disease,  hemorrhoids.” 


Fig.  34 


60.  Fig.  35  shows  a wall -attached  seat  a , cover  b , 
and  back  c.  A bracket  d is  screwed  to  the  under  side  of  the 
strip  e near  each  end.  The  brackets  are  then  screwed  to 
the  wall  at  such  a height  that  the  seat  will  be  level  when  it 
rests  on  the  closet,  and  in  such  a position  that  the  center  of 
the  seat  will  be  over  the  center  of  the  closet.  A notch  is  cut 
in  the  middle  of  e , to  allow  space  for  the  flush  pipe  f.  The 
back  c is  hollow,  being  in  the  form  of  a box.  A neat  hole  is 
cut  on  top  of  c to  fit  the  flush  pipe.  This  makes  a strong 
seat  that  is  independent  of  the  closet.  Being  rigidly  secured 
to  the  wall,  the  closet  cannot  be  shaken  and  the  floor  joint 
consequently  loosened  by  an  ordinary  use  of  the  closet;  this 


40  WATER  CLOSETS  - § 21 

is  an  advantage.  But,  a disadvantage  that  is  greater  than 
the  advantage  condemns  this  attachment  from  a sanitary 
standpoint.  There  is  too  much  woodwork  in  this  seat  to 


become  foul,  and  the  space  behind  c is  a lodging  place  for 
filth  and  vermin.  The  back  c only  makes  a neat  finish  at 
the  base  of  the  flush  pipe. 

61.  A more  sanitary  form  of  wall-attached  seat  is  shown 
in  Fig.  36.  The  seat  is  hinged  to  brackets  a,  a that  are 


Fig.  36 


rigidly  screwed  to  the  wall.  This  construction  has  a mini- 
mum amount  of  woodwork.  The  cover  may  or  may  not  be 
used. 


Property  of  ffie  Dep’t  of 
Municipal  and  Sanitary  Enginsorini?, 

§ 21  WATER  (iflbeisifysof  Hiinnis.  « 

For  public  places,  it  is  advisable  to  omit  the  cover  and 
use  only  the  plain  seat.  Covers  are  useful  in  private  bath- 
rooms, because  they  allow  the  closet  to  be  used  as  a chair. 


CLOSET- ATTACHED  SEATS 

63.  A closet-attachedL  seat  of  the  common  form  is 
shown  in  plan  in  Fig.  37.  It  is  made  of  hardwood,  generally 


oak,  ash,  walnut,  or  mahogany.  The  distance  from  the  wall 
to  the  front  of  a closet  seat  varies,  but  is  usually  somewhere 
between  22  and  24  inches. 

In  Fig.  37,  the  back  part  a is  firmly  bolted  to  the  closet, 
and  the  front  part  is  hinged  to 
the  back  part;  the  flush  pipe  b 
comes  up  between  the  closet 
and  wall.  The  common  form 
of  hole  in  the  seat  is  shown  by 
this  illustration;  the  objection 
to  this  form  is  that  it  proves 
uncomfortable  for  many  people. 

3.  A dislied-out  closet 
seat  is  shown  in  Fig.  38.  The 
dimensions  are  taken  from  one 
of  the  best  and  most  comfort-  fig.  38 

able  closet  seats  made.  The  upper  surface  of  the  seat  is 


42 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


nicely  countersunk,  or  dished  out.  The  sectional  views  are 
shown  projected  from  the  plan  so  that  an  accurate  idea  of 
the  curves  may  be  obtained. 

64.  Closet  seats  should  be  so  made,  and  the  grain  of  the 
wood  so  arranged,  that  the  wood  will  not  warp,  sliver,  or 
fall  to  pieces.  Quartered  oak  in  two  or  three  layers  crossed, 
or  in  one  piece  with  dowels  and  cross-strips,  seems  to  be  the 
best  material. 


SEAT  BUFFERS 

65.  Seat  buffers  are  small  cushions  of  rubber  used  to 
prevent  the  seat  from  striking  the  porcelain  rim  of  the 

closet  and  also  to  prevent 
the  cover  from  scratching 
the  seat.  Four  buffers,  or 
buttons,  as  they  are  some- 
times called,  should  be 
attached  to  the  under  side 
of  the  seat,  and  four  to  the 
under  side  of  the  cover.  A buffer  should  also  be  attached 
to  the  flush  pipe  if  the  seat  or  cover  folds  back  against  it. 
The  proper  location  for  buffers  is  shown  by  dotted  circles, 
as  c , in  Fig.  37.  A buffer  ion  a flush-pipe  strap  is  shown 
in  Fig.  17.  Fig.  39  shows  a good  form  of  buffer.  The 
shank  is  let  into  a hole  bored  in  the  wood,  and  a f-inch 
brass  screw  holds  the  buffer  in  its  place.  The  head  of  the 
screw  must  be  set  well  into  the  rubber,  to  prevent  its 
striking  the  porcelain  when  the  rubber  is  compressed. 


Fig.  39 


WATER-CLOSET  CONNECTIONS 


BACK- VENT  CONNECTIONS 

66.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  rigid  connections  to  porce- 
lain closets  invariably  break  the  porcelain,  all  leading  health 
departments  forbid  back-venting  closets  from  the  porcelain. 
Fig.  40  shows  how  the  back-vent  connections  are  usually 
made.  A 2-inch  back-vent  pipe  a is  wiped  to  the  inner 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


43 


curve  of  the  4-inch  lead  bend  b,  as  shown.  The  horizontal 
part  of  the  vent  pipe  is  inclined,  so  that  any  water  backed 
up  into  it  may  drain  out  into  b.  The  conical  top  c on  the 


bend  shows  how  the  open  end  above  the  floor  is  drawn  in 
with  the  dresser;  it  is  then  soldered  tight,  so  that  it  may 
successfully  resist  the  pressure  of  a water  test. 


SOIL-PIPE  CONNECTIONS 

67.  The  soil-pipe  connection,  that  is,  the  joint 
between  the  outlet  of  the  water  closet,,  or  trap,  and  the  soil 
pipe  where  it  passes  through  the  floor,  as  at  c,  in  Fig.  40,  is 
a matter  of  great  importance.  The  common  joint,  which  is 
made  with  putty,  the  porcelain  flange  being  secured  to  the 
floor  by  screws,  is  rarely  air-tight  or  gas-tight,  although  it 
may  not  leak  water. 

68.  Porcelain  closets  are  commonly  attached  by  means 
of  a brass  floor-plate  joint,  as  shown  in  Fig.  41.  The  soil- 
pipe  branch  a , if  of  lead,  is  soldered  to  a brass  flange  b, 
which  is  secured  to  the  floor.  A rubber  gasket  c is  put 
between  the  flanges,  and  the  porcelain  closet  flange  d is 


44 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


screwed  down  on  it  by  three  or  four  screws  or  bolts,  which 
should  be  of  substantial  size  and  be  provided  with  washers, 
as  at  e . 

The  porcelain  flange  has  but  little  strength  and  is  easily 
broken;  therefore,  great  care  should  be  taken  in  screwing 
up  the  joint  to  avoid  breakage. 

Sometimes  the  lead  pipe  is  flanged  over  on  the  floor  and 
the  porcelain  flange  is  set  on  it  with  a bedding  of  putty. 
Such  a joint  will  not  remain  gas-tight ; it  is  worthless,  and 
should  not  be  allowed.  The  best  plan  is  to  have  only  the 


fig.  41 


bowl  made  of  porcelain,  and  to  have  the  trap  made  of  iron 
porcelain-lined  or  of  other  metal;  this  can  then  be  calked 
into  the  hub  of  the  soil  pipe  and  a secure  joint  made. 

The  joint  between  porcelain  and  metal,  which  every  porce- 
lain fixture  must  have,  should  be  on  the  house  side  of  the 
seal  of  the  trap.  Joints  between  metal  and  porcelain  are 
weak  and  unreliable,  and  should  not  be  subjected  to  sewer 
gas.  The  porcelain  flange  shown  in  Fig.  41  is  weak  and 
liable  to  be  broken  if  the  closet  receives  a jar  or  rough 
usage.  A closet  with  a strong  broad  base  should,  therefore, 
be  selected. 

09.  Fig.  42  ( a ) shows  in  plan,  and  Fig.  42  ( b ) in  section, 
a strong  and  secure  method  of  setting  a porcelain  water 
closet  on  a marble  slab.  The  top  of  the  lead  bend  a is 


§21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


45 


soldered  to  a brass  floor  flange  b.  The  closet  is  then  set 
temporarily  and  the  holes  are  marked  on  the  marble  for  the 
expansion  bolts  c , c , etc.,  which  are  located  at  each  corner 
of  the  closet  base,  as  shown  in  the  plan.  The  closet  is  then 
removed,  and  the  four  bolt  holes  are  drilled  in  the  marble. 
The  expansion  bolts  are  next  secured  in  position,  and  the 


closet  is  set  permanently,  a soft  rubber  gasket  being 
employed,  as  shown  at  d , to  make  the  joint  gas-tight,  and 
plaster  of  Paris,  or,  better  still,  Keene’s  cement,  being  used 
to  fill  the  space  e and  thereby  cement  the  base  solid  to  the 
marble.  If  a porcelain  closet  is  set  in  this  manner,  there 
will  be  no  danger  of  the  gasket  joint  leaking  by  the  closet 
being  jarred,  or  of  horns  being  broken  from  the  same  cause. 


46 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


70.  The  ordinary  brass-bolted  floor  flange  makes  a good 
connection,  but  if  it  should  ever  become  imperfect  there  is 
no  suitable  means  of  knowing  the  fact  without  applying  a 
smoke  test.  Closet  connections  are  the  weakest  points  of  a 
drainage  system,  and  are  often  dangerously  defective. 
They,  therefore,  require  thoughtful  consideration  as  well  as' 
very  careful  work  in  making  them. 


71.  One  of  the  best  floor  connections  is  shown  in  Fig.  43. 
This  is  a water-sealed  floor  connection.  The  pipe  a is 

continued  1^  inches 


above  the  finished 
floor,  the  end  being 
rounded  and  free 
from  burrs.  The 
floor  is  countersunk 
to  receive  a support- 
ing flange  b , which 
is  attached  to  the 
pipe.  A brass 
flange  c compresses 
the  rubber  gasket  d 
against  the  porcelain  when  the  bolts  e are  drawn  up;  an 
annular  space  is  thus  formed  around  the  neck  of  the  pipe 
which  fills  with  water  at  the  first  operation  of  the  closet, 
thus  sealing  the  connection.  If  the  connection  leaks,  this 
water  will  run  out 
on  the  floor;  if  it 
does  not,  gas  cannot 
escape.  This  con- 
nection, therefore,  is 
self-testing. 


III 

mm 

JL. 

rastiil 

Immd! 

HBH 

i c 

"I -J 

fig.  44 


72.  A threaded 
floor  connection  is 
shown  in  section  in 
Fig.  44.  It  is  calked  with  lead  at  a and  cemented  into  the 
base  b of  the  closet  by  the  manufacturer.  The  joint  thus 


§21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


47 


formed  makes  the  brass  connection  equivalent  to  an  inte- 
gral part  of  the  closet,  and  the  porcelain  is  liable  to  break 
before  this  connection  loosens.  The  chief  advantage  of 
this  connection  is  its  metal-to-metal  bearing,  which  avoids 
the  use  of  rubber  or  other  gaskets. 

The  brass  coupling,  or  brass  ring  c,  which  is  threaded 
inside,  is  wiped  to  the  lead  bend  d in  such  a manner  that 
when  the  closet  is  screwed  down  it  will  sit  flat  on  the  floor 
and  be  in  its  exact  position  when  the  thread  is  screwed  up 
tight;  otherwise,  the  bend  will  be  twisted  in  making  the 
last  turn  of  the  closet.  Lugs  may  be  formed  on  the  bend 
and  secured  to  the  floor  by  screws,  if  desired,  to  positively 
prevent  the  bend  from 
being  twisted. 

73.  Great  care 
must  be  taken  to  have 
the  face  of  the  ring 
parallel  with  the  plane 
of  the  floor;  therefore, 
the  use  of  a gauge,  as  shown  at  a in  Fig.  45,  is  advised. 
The  ring  should  be  screwed  up  on  the  closet  first  by  hand, 
and  the  front  marked  so  that  it  will  not  be  soldered  in  wrong. 


FLUSH-PIPE  CONNECTIONS 

74.  The  flush-pipe  connection,  that  is,  the  connection 
between  the  inlet  horn  and  the  flushing  pipe,  is  commonly 
made  in  the  older  forms  of  closets  by  a screw  coupling,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  46.  The  brass  nipple  a is  sometimes  put  in 
place  before  the  porcelain  is  baked,  and  it  becomes  loose 
during  the  baking  process.  To  tighten  it,  a locknut  b and  a 
rubber  gasket  c are  used^  as  shown.  This  joint  is  rigid.  If 
the  flush  pipe  d is  rigidly  attached  to  the  walls,  and  there  is 
any  settlement  of  the  building  after  the  attachment  to  the 
closet  is  made,  or  if  the  closet  is  jarred  much,  a great  strain 


48  WATER  CLOSETS  § 21 

is  brought  on  the  coupling,  which  frequently  breaks  off  the 
horn  at  e , e. 


75.  Another  way  to  make  the  connection  is  shown  in 
Fig.  47.  A rubber  collar  a is  molded  to  fit  the  outside  of  the 
horn  and  the  flush  pipe  b.  It  is  secured  to  both  by  winding 

with  copper  wire  at 
c and  d.  If  the  rub- 
ber is  of  good  qual- 
ity, this  joint  will  be 
durable  and  will  ac- 
commodate itself  to 
any  ordinary  settle- 
ment of  the  building 
or  jarring  of  the 
fixture. 

Should  there  be 
danger  of  an  extraordinary  settlement,  the  flush  pipe  b 
should  be  connected  to  the  horn  by  a rubber  elbow  or  bend. 
It  has  been  found,  however,  that  this  attachment  is  not 
durable. 

70.  Brass  flush-pipe  connections  to  closet  horns  should 
be  made  with  a slip  joint,  as  at  j in  Fig.  17.  This  form  of 
joint  has  proved  to  be  quite  reliable  for  ordinarily  well-con- 
structed buildings.  The  strongest  and  presumably  best 


WATER  CLOSETS 


49 


§21 

form  of  connection,  however,  is  that  in  which  the  flush 
pipe  a enters  the  top  of  the  porcelain,  as  in  Fig.  48.  A 


thick  soft-rubber  gasket  b is  pressed  against  the  flush  pipe 
and  the  shoulder  of  the  brass  casting  c , which  makes  the 
joint  water-tight.  The  flush  pipe,  however,  has  freedom  to 
move  without  affecting  the  strength  or  tightness  of  the 
joint.  This  form  of  flush-pipe  connection  is  recommended. 


FLUSHING  TANKS 


INTRODUCTION 

77.  Classification. — A flushing:  tank  is  a tank  or  cis- 
tern intended  to  contain  or  store  water  for  the  purpose  of 
flushing,  i.  e.,  washing  out  water  closets,  urinals,  slop  sinks, 
drains,  sewers,  etc.  A flushing  tank  is  therefore  intermittent 
in  its  action ; that  is  to  say,  its  contents  are  discharged  at 
intervals.  There  are  two  general  classes  of  flushing  tanks: 
(1)  that  class  whose  discharging  depends  on  the  action  of 
some  person  who  may  operate  either  a chain  pull,  move  the 


50 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


closet  seat,  a floor  treadle,  a door,  or  some  other  device. 
The  discharges  from  such  a tank,  which  is  called  a non- 
automatic  flushing  tank,  are  irregular,  according  to  the 
usage  of  the  fixture  to  be  flushed ; (2)  that  class  whose  dis- 
charging depends  on  the  action  of  the  water  flowing  into  or 
from  the  tank.  This  kind  is  automatic,  discharging  with- 
out the  aid  of  any  person ; the  discharge  is  at  regular  inter- 
vals, if  the  volume  of  the  supply  to  the  tank  does  not 
change.  A tank  of  this  class  is  called  an  automatic  flush- 
ing tank. 

78.  The  mechanism  employed  in  operating  flushing 
tanks  is  varied,  each  tank  manufacturer  having  his  own 
special  combination  of  valves  and  levers,  which  is  usually 
protected  by  letters  patent. 

79.  Purpose  of  Flushing  Apparatus. — The  purpose  of 
a flushing  apparatus  is  to  thoroughly  detach  and  remove  all 
excreta,  etc.  from  a water-closet  bowl,  etc.,  and  drive  it 
through  and  beyond  the  trap.  If  the  excreta  can  be  driven 
out  of  the  water-closet  branch  into  the  main  soil  pipe  or 
main  drain,  it  should  be  done,  provided  the  water  is  abun- 
dant and  not  expensive;  but  it  should  invariably  be  driven 
out  of  the  trap.  A small  stream  of  water,  as  from  a J-inch 
pipe,  although  it  may  have  a high  pressure  and  be  spread 
out  by  means  of  a fan  or  deflector,  will  not  clean  the  bowl  and 
remove  solids  from  the  bowl  and  trap  as  well  as  an  equivalent 
volume  of  water  that  is  delivered  with  a rush  through  lj-inch 
pipe  and  is  spread  out  by  means  of  a flushing  rim.  The 
small  stream  of  water  will  frequently  fail  to  make  the  solid 
matter,  paper,  etc.  dive  under  the  lip  or  bend  of  the  trap, 
but  the  larger  stream  causes  a rush  of  water  that  drives  it 
through  very  effectively. 

The  efficiency  of  a flushing  apparatus  can  be  readily  tested 
by  coloring  the  water  in  the  closet  bowl  with  ink,  throwing 
in  some  pieces  of  crumpled  paper,  and  then  starting  the 
apparatus.  The  flush  may  be  considered  satisfactory  if  no 
trace  of  ink  or  paper  remains  in  the  bowl,  and  if  the  trap 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


51 


and  basin  contain  a proper  quantity  of  clean  water  after  the 
flush  is  over. 

To  secure  a proper  flush,  a flushing  tank  should  contain 
from  4 to  6 gallons  of  water,  and  it  should  be  elevated  at 
least  6 feet  above  the  water-closet  bowl. 


NON- AUTOMATIC  FLUSHING  TANKS 
80.  Plain  Flushing  Tank. — A common  kind  of  flushing 
tank  is  shown  in  Fig.  49.  The  valve  a is  pulled  open  by 


means  of  the  lever  b and  hand  chain  attached  at  c.  The 
overflow  d opens  into  the  flush  pipe  e beneath  the  seat  of  the 
valve.  The  water  rushes  down  the  flush  pipe  only  while  the 
valve  a is  held  open. 

The  amount  of  water  sent  down  may  be  too  little  to  do 
the  work  properly,  or  the  water  may  be  wasted  by  holding 
the  valve  open  longer  than  is  necessary.  The  former  trouble 
is  most  likely  to  occur,  because  very  few  people  consider  the 
amount  of  water  that  should  be  delivered  in  a flush  when  they 
pull  the  chain. 


Op  OF  ILL  113. 


52 


WATER  CLOSETS 


21 


n 


81.  Siphon  Flushing  Tank. — To  remedy  the  defect 
mentioned  in  the  preceding  article,  the  siphon  tank  is  used, 

which  derives  its  name  from  the  fact 
that  it  is  emptied  by  siphonage.  The 
construction  of  a siphon  valve  is 
shown  in  Fig.  50.  It  consists  of  an 
inner  tube  a and  outer  tube  b,  which 
are  united  at  the  top  by  an  air-tight 
cap  c.  The  inner  tube  is  provided 
with  a rubber  ring  d , which  forms 
the  valve,  and  is  seated  on  the  seat 
ring  e.  The  two  tubes  thus  form  a 
siphon,  the  inner  tube  being  the  long 
leg.  It  is  started  into  operation  by 
lifting  the  valve  off  its  seat.  The 
water  rushes  down  the  flush  pipe  and 
draws  the  air  out  of  a and  quickly  fills  both  a and  b with 
water.  The  valve  is  dropped  back  to  its  seat,  and  the  dis- 
charge continues  through  a and  b until  the  level  of  the 
water  falls  below  the  lower  end  of  b.  Thus,  if  the  valve  be 
opened  only  a moment,  or  long  enough  to  start  the  siphon, 
the  tank  will  empty  to  the  same  point,  and  the  same  amount 
of  water  will  be  delivered  on  every  occasion. 

The  device  shown  in  Fig.  49  can  be  easily  modified  to 
accomplish  the  same  result.  The  overflow  pipe  d may  be 
prolonged  and  bent  over,  as  shown  by  the  dotted  lines,  thus 
forming  a siphon. 


Fig.  50 


82.  Service-Box  Tank. — A kind  of  flush  tank,  known 
as  a service-box  tank,  is  employed  either  to  furnish  a large 
flush  first  and  a smaller  one  immediately  after,  or  in  some 
other  way  to  allow  a certain  volume  of  water  to  fall  into  the 
bowl  and  thereby  refill  the  same  after  the  tank  valve  is 
closed.  A service-box  tank,  or,  as  some  people  call  it,  an 
after-flnsb  tank,  is  shown  in  Fig.  51.  The  tank  is  divided 
into  upper  and  lower  chambers  a and  b.  The  valve  c is 
made  about  4 inches  in  diameter,  and  when  it  is  opened 
it  passes  water  much  faster  than  the  flush  pipe  d can 


Property  at  the  Dep’t  of 
Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineering, 
§21  water  University  of  iiiinnis.  53 

discharge  it.  The  surplus  fills  the  chamber,  or  service 
box,  b.  When  c is  closed  the  large  flush  ceases  and  the 
light  flow  continues  until  the  chamber  b is  emptied.  The 


overflow  for  the  chamber  a is  at  d.  This  tank  may  be  made 
large  enough  to  contain  any  desired  number  of  flushes, 
while  the  ordinary 
siphon  tank  contains 
only  one  flush. 

83.  Flushing: 

Cisterns. — Fig.  52 
shows  a plain  valve 
cistern  commonly 
used  for  wash-down 
closets  and  hoppers. 

Its  dimensions  are  FlG-  52 

about  23  in.  X 12  in.  x 10  in.  It  is  provided  with  a ball- 
cock  a and  an  outlet  valve  b , which  is  operated  by  a 
lever  c bolted  to  a cross-bar  d , the  lever  being  worked 
by  a chain  pull.  The  flush  pipe  is  shown  at  e.  A deafen- 
ing  pipe  f deadens  the  noise  of  the  incoming  water.  The 


54 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 

tube  g forms  an  overflow  that  discharges  into  the  flush 
pipe  e.  The  volume  of  flush  from  this  tank  is  irregular, 
depending  on  the  time  the  valve  b is  held  up. 

84.  Fig.  53  shows  a siphon  cistern  particularly  adapted 
for  washout  closets  as  well  as  wash  downs  and  hoppers.  Its 

dimensions  are  about  19  in. 
X 9 in.  X 10  in.  A momen- 
tary retention  of  the  pull 
opens  the  valve  a and  starts 
the  siphon  formed  by  the 
shell  b suspended  over,  and 
attached  to,  an  inner  stand- 
ing tube  that  is  secured  to 
the  valve,  as  in  Fig.  50.  A 
refilling  of  the  bowl  is  ob- 
tained by  a slot  cut  in  the 
lower  end  of  the  siphon  tube  b , which  causes  the  siphon  to 
break,  that  is,  to  stop  working  gradually. 

85.  A refill  float-valve  cistern  especially  suitable  for 
siphon-jet  closets  and  other  closets  requiring  a refilling  of 
the  bowl  is  shown  in 
Fig.  54.  When  the 
float  a is  raised,  it  re- 
mains buoyed  up  until 
sufficient  water  has 
passed  through  the 
closet,  when  it  returns 
gradually  to  its  seat. 

The  pipe  b serves  as  an 
overflow  and  at  the 
same  time  insures  an 
abundant  refilling  of  the  bowl.  These  cisterns  are  remark- 
ably quiet  in  action.  They  are  made  in  two  sizes. 

86.  Automatic  Operating  Devices. — The  flushing 
apparatus  is  generally  operated  by  means  of  a chain  or  lever 
pulled  by  hand.  It  can  also  be  operated  automatically  by 


§ 31 


WATER  CLOSETS 


55 


connecting  it  to  a hinged  seat  or  platform  that  sustains 
the  weight  of  the  person  using  it.  The  seat  is  counter- 
balanced by  means  of  a spring  or  weight  that  holds  it 
up  off  its  bearings.  When  the  seat  is  in  use,  it  yields 
an  inch  or  so,  and  by  means  of  suitable  connections  to  the 
chain  a , Fig.  55,  it  opens  the  valve  b and  closes  the  valve  c. 
This  fills  the  service  box  d with  water  from  the  tank. 
When  not  in  use,  the  seat  is  raised,  thus  closing  the 


supply  valve  b and  opening  the  discharge  valve  c , the  entire 
contents  of  the  flushing  chamber  d are  then  sent  quickly 
down  the  flush  pipe  e.  This  device  is  frequently  used  in 
railroad  stations  and  other  places  where  people  are  liable  to 
go  away  and  neglect  flushing  the  closets.  It  is  especially 
suitable  where  a number  of  closets  arranged  side  by  side  are 
flushed  from  one  long  storage  tank.  Each  separate  flush 
box  d should  contain  about  5 gallons  of  water  when  porce- 
lain bowls  are  used. 


56 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


When  the  water-closet  space  is  closed  by  a door,  an 
attachment  may  be  fitted  to  the  door  that  will  operate  the 
flushing  apparatus  every  time  that  the  door  is  opened. 

87.  Points  on  Installation. — Cisterns  with  valves  away 
from  the  edges  are  preferable,  because  the  wood  is  liable  to 
warp  and  cause  the  locknuts  to  cut  the  copper  lining. 

88.  The  ordinary  valve  connection  to  the  bottom  of  a 
tank  has  a leather  washer  between  the  brass  flange  and  the 
copper  lining.  The  locknut  under  the  tank  compresses  the 
leather,  and  makes  a temporarily  water-tight  joint.  But, 
the  wood  shrinks  and  the  connection  is  then  loosened  by  the 
jarring  of  the  valve;  this  rapidly  produces  a leak,  which, 
however  slight,  soon  soaks  the  woodwork  of  the  tank  and 
causes  it  to  warp  or  tear  apart.  To  avoid  this  common 
trouble,  every  valve  flange  should  be  soldered  to  the  lining. 
If  it  is  necessary  to  remove  them  for  repairs,  the  solder  can 
easily  be  melted  with  a gasoline  torch. 


89. 


AUTOMATIC  FLUSHING  TANKS 
Tilting  Tank. — Automatic  flushing  tanks  are  con- 
structed in  many  different 
ways.  They  are  all  designed 
for  automatically  flushing 
urinals,  etc.  at  regular  in- 
tervals. The  form  shown 
in  Fig.  56  is  called  a tilt- 
ing tank.  A tank  a is 
divided  by  a partition  into 
two  equal  chambers.  It 
rocks  on  an  axle  b,  and 
thus  brings  either  chamber 
under  the  supply  cock  c. 
As  the  chamber  fills,  the 
center  of  gravity  of  the 
FlG-  56  tilting  tank  a gradually 

changes  until  it  passes  over  the  axle  b , when  the  tank  tilts 


WATER  CLOSETS 


57 


§ 21 


over,  emptying  one  chamber  and  bringing  the  other  into 
position  for  filling.  The  water  being  emptied  suddenly, 
a rapid  flow  is  produced,  which  is  well  suited  for  flushing 
purposes. 

Sheet-metal  shields  f,f  prevent  water  from  splashing  over 
the  sides  when  the  tilting  tank  a is  discharged.  When  a 
number  of  urinals  or  closets  are  to  be  flushed  from  the 
same  tank,  it  should  be  deep  enough  to  contain  the  desired 
quantity  of  water,  i.  e.,  from  1 to  2 gallons  per  urinal,  and 
the  flush-pipe  opening  should  be  provided  with  a siphon 
that  can  be  started  automatically  when  enough  water  is 
emptied  into  the  receiver. 


90.  Automatic  Siphon  Cistern. — A type  of  automatic 
flushing  tank  that  is  in  common  use  is  shown  in  Fig.  57, 
and  is  known  by  the 
trade  name  of  auto- 
matic float-valve 
siphon  cistern.  A 
J-inch  pipe  a passing 
up  through  the  bot- 
tom of  the  tank  sup- 
plies water  in  a small 
stream  to  the  tank 
through  a common 
ground  key  cock  b 
that  is  regulated  to 
pass  the  proper  quan- 
tity of  water.  The 
outlet  to  the  tank  is 
composed  of  a simple 
annular  siphon,  like 
that  shown  in  Fig.  50. 

The  outer  siphon 
tube  is  surrounded 
by  and  attached  to  an  air-tight  chamber  c . When  water 
enters  the  tank,  it  rises  slowly,  because  the  valve  d is  closed, 
and  continues  to  rise  until  it  is  about  to  overflow  into  the 


Fig.  57 


58 


WATER  CLOSETS 


§21 


top  of  the  inner  tube  e,  when  the  buoyancy  of  the  float  will 
lift  the  siphon  valve  d off  its  seat  and  as  high  as  it  can  go. 
The  water  in  the  tank  then  rushes  down  the  flush  pipe  f 
to  the  closets  or  urinals.  The  buoyancy  of  the  float  holds 
up  the  valve  until  the  tank  is  about  half  empty,  when  the 
siphon  valve  will  fall  on  its  seat  and  the  remaining  water 
will  be  discharged  by  siphonage.  The  valve  will  remain 
closed  and  the  tank  will  refill  slowly  for  another  discharge; 
an  automatic  action  is  thus  obtained. 

91.  Conditions  Governing;  the  Installation. — Auto- 
matic flushing  tanks  are  desirable  only  when  the  closets  are 
arranged  in  ranges  or  latrines  for  use  of  school  children  or 
other  people  that  are  liable  to  neglect  flushing  the  closet 
when  they  have  finished  using  it.  Automatic  flushing  tanks 
are  desirable  for  flushing  urinals  only  when  the  water  sup- 
ply is  abundant,  as  they  waste  an  enormous  amount  of 
water;  this  makes  their  installation  very  expensive  in  many 
places.  Plain  overhead  tanks  with  chain  pull,  or  self-closing 
cocks  working  on  the  flushometer  principle,  are  commonly 
used  instead. 


WATER  CLOSETS 


EXAMINATION  QUESTIONS 

(1)  What  are,  briefly,  the  essential  requirements  of  a 
sanitary  water  closet  ? 

(2)  What  is  the  principal  objection  to  the  pan  closet? 

(3)  Mention  the  principal  objections  to  the  plunger 
closet. 

(4)  Briefly  describe  the  difference  between  a long-hopper 
closet  and  a short-hopper  closet,  and  state  under  what  con- 
ditions they  are  commonly  used. 

(5)  Distinguish  between  a pedestal-hopper  water  closet 
and  a short  hopper  and  trap. 

(6)  What  important  point  must  be  considered  in  securing 
soil  pipes  that  connect  to  pedestal-hopper  closets  with 
P traps  ? 

(7)  Briefly  describe  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of 
a front-outlet  washout  water  closet,  and  state  for  what  class 
of  work  it  is  particularly  adapted. 

(8)  Briefly  describe  the  operation  of  the  siphon-jet  water 
closet. 

(9)  Distinguish  between  a siphon-jet  closet  and  a siphon 
wash-down  closet  and  state  which  is  best.  Give  your 
reasons. 

(10)  Briefly  describe  the  construction  of  a low-down  tank- 
closet  combination,  and  state  for  what  class  of  work  it  is 
particularly  suited. 


21 


2 WATER  CLOSETS  § 21 

(11)  What  are  the  chief  objections  to  ordinary  forms  of 
low-down  tank  closets  ? 

(12)  How  can  the  length  of  the  flush,  obtained  by  the 
flushometer,  be  regulated  ? 

(13)  Suppose  that  a building  is  furnished  with  water  by 
a f-inch,  galvanized-iron  service  pipe  60  feet  long  under  a 
gauge  pressure  of  50  pounds;  is  it  advisable  to  connect  the 
flushometer  closet  to  this  pipe  ? Give  your  reasons. 

(14)  What  is  the  objection  to  installing  a flushometer 
closet  with  an  air  chamber  to  a small  service  pipe  ? 

(15)  Suppose  that  you  are  called  upon  to  give  an  opinion 
as  to  whether  or  not  it  will  be  advisable  to  connect  a 
flushometer  to  a cold-water  supply  system  in  a building  hav- 
ing a service  pipe  under  ground,  the  size  of  which  is  unknown, 
how  would  you  proceed  to  determine  whether  the  flush- 
ometer can  be  successfully  operated  from  the  street  supply  ? 

(16)  Briefly  describe  the  principle  of  the  operation  of 
pneumatic  siphon  closets. 

(17)  What  do  you  understand  by  the  local  ventilation  of 
water  closets  ? 

(18)  Briefly  describe  how  a closet  can  be  local  vented  by 
a positive  draft  obtained  by  a fan. 

(19)  What  is  the  best  way  to  apply  the  flush  to  a set  of 
latrines  constructed  on  the  pneumatic-siphon  principle  ? 

(20)  Which  is  the  better  form  of  closet-seat  attachment, 
that  screwed  to  the  bowl,  or  that  screwed  to  the  wall  ? Give 
your  reasons. 

(21)  The  porcelain  of  a water  closet  is  connected  to  a 
metallic  soil  pipe;  which  is  the  better  place  to  have  the  joint, 
at  the  sewer  side  of  the  trap,  or  on  the  house  side  of  the 
trap  ? 

(22)  Briefly  describe  a self-testing  floor-flange  connection 
for  a water  closet,  and  explain  its  merits. 

(23)  Briefly  describe  the  strongest  and  most  simple  form 
of  a flush-pipe  connection  to  a porcelain  bowl  of  a water 
closet. 


21 


WATER  CLOSETS 


3 


(24)  How  can  the  efficiency  of  a water-closet  flush  be 
readily  determined  ? 

(25)  Give  some  of  the  chief  objections  to  a plain  flush 
tank. 

(26)  Describe  the  operation  of  a siphon  flushing  tank. 

(27)  Briefly  describe  a refilling  float-valve  cistern  espe- 
cially adapted  for  siphon-jet  closets  and  other  closets  requir- 
ing a refilling  of  the  bowl. 

(28)  What  is  the  chief  objection  to  connecting  a cistern 
valve  to  the  bottom  of  a wooden  flush  tank  by  using  a 
leather  washer  between  the  brass  flange  and  the  copper 
lining  ? 

(29)  Under  what  conditions  is  it  desirable  to  use  auto- 
matic flushing  tanks  in  connection  with  closets  ? 


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